Verification of Architectural Refactorings: Rule Extraction and Tool Support

Software in use needs to be adapted to changing requirements, otherwise it becomes obsolete. Often, this involves changing the architecture of the system. To avoid the introduction of unwanted or removal of desired behaviour, these changes need verification. While verifying large systems consumes considerable resources, the verification of only the changed parts can, under certain conditions, give the required assurance. This opens the possibility of creating formally verified, reusable refactoring patterns. However, a mechanism for extracting such patterns is needed. To address this problem, a theoretical framework is presented that allow to formally reason about the rule extraction process. In order to harness the theoretical results, a visual editor and tool chain are introduced to aid developers in extracting refactoring rules and prove their behavioural correctness

Genetikai diverzitás vizsgálatok őshonos közép-európai Pinus cembra L. populációknál: populáció-ökológiai, populáció-genetikai, erdészeti, táj-, és vegetációtörténeti vonatkozások. = Genetic diversity studies on native Central-European populations of Pinus cembra L.: ecological, genetic, forestry, landscape-, and vegetation historical correlates

Genetikai vizsgálatokat végeztünk az Európában védett cirbolyafenyő populációinál. A vizsgálatok elsősorban a Kárpátok populációira terjedtek ki, majd a Kárpátok populációit összehasonlítottuk a faj központi areaján található, svájci Alpok populációival is. A Kárpátokból 10, az Alpokból 19 populációt vizsgáltunk meg kloroplasztisz DNS SSR markerekkel. 7 primert teszteltünk, ebből 5 variábilis volt. Az Alpok állományával való összehasonlítást 3 primerrel végeztük el. A vizsgált populációk genetikai diverzitása általánosan magas volt. Legvariábilisabb a Retyezát populációi és a szlovákiai Tátra állománya. Genetikailag legszegényebbek a Radnai havasok állománya illetve a Cindrel hegység kispopulációja. A Kárpátok populációi, bár egyedszámukat tekintve sokkal kisebbek, esetenként nagyobb genetikai variabilitást őriztek meg mind az Alpok populációi! A populációk közötti divergencia mértéke nagyobb volt a Kárpátokban mint az Alpokban. A két földrajzi terület (Alpok?Kárpátok) genetikailag elkülönült egymástól, de régiókon belül a genetikai- és a földrajzi távolság között nem volt szignifikáns korreláció. Vélhetőleg, a fragmentálódás óta eltelt idő rövid volt ahhoz, hogy a markáns genetikai különbségek jelentkezzenek. Vizsgálataink rámutattak arra, hogy a Kárpátok populációi értékes genetikai bázist képviselnek, amely elkülönül az Alpok populációitól. Felhívjuk a figyelmet ezen populációk védelmére, mert ez elengedhetetlen záloga lehet a faj túlélésének. | According to the aim of our study genetic analysis were made on Pinus cembra, protected species of the European forest ecosystems. Our study was primarily focused on the genetic diversity of populations from the Carpathians, later we compared Carpathian populations with those from the Swiss Alps, representing the central part of the species area. We included in our study 10 populations from the Carpathians and 19 populations from the Alps. 7 chloroplast SSR markers (simple sequence repeats) were tested, 5 worked and show variability. Diversity of populations, fixation indices (Fst) were calculated. Despite the peripheral locations and a presumed high degree of isolation, Carpathian populations have been able to maintain high diversity level! This is most likely owing to their high outcrossing rate and extensive gene flow. The highest diversity values exhibit populations from the Retezat Mountains and from the Slovakian Tatra, lowest values we found in the Rodnei mountains and Cindrel. The differentiation was lower among populations of the Alps compared to the populations of the Carpathians. Our study proved that Carpathian populations including the Tatra are valuable because they still preserve a rich gene-stock, different that from theAlps. Therefor we think its really important to focus on the Carpathians and to protect all these populations, because they will contribute esentially to the survival of the species along the European range

Plant regeneration from seedling explants of common bean : Phaseolus vulgaris L.

For shoot induction and plant regeneration in bean we used MS media+BA and NAA. Multiple shoot induction was obtained in case of P. vulgaris cv. Fônix and Maxidor. The efficiency of regeneration from intact seedling (IS) and cotyledonary node (CN) explants was compared. The optimum treatment for the induction of multiple shoot formation was the culturing of (IS) on MS-based media+BA and NAA. Multiple shoot induction on dry bean (CN) cultured on full MS medium+1mg/l BA and 0.1mg/l NAA was feasible. Shoots that were 2cm in length or longer and having 2 trifoliate leaves were responsible for rooting ability, and root development. The method can be applied in transformation experiments

Detection of self-complementary inverted repeats by single forward primer driven PCR

Inverted repeat gene structures designed for silencing functional genes have been widely used both in academic and applied research. The correct orientations of such structures are usually validated with restriction analysis and/or sequencing. We speculated that the inverted repeat nature of such constructs can be shown by a simple PCR reaction with a single forward primer. To test this hypothesis five different constructs were established from grapevine sequences in a hairpin-intron style silencing system. We were able to amplify the appropriate products in each case. Thus a forward-primed PCR alone may be sufficient to prove the inverted repeat nature of the desired constructs

Detection of self-complementary inverted repeats by single forward primer driven PCR

Inverted repeat gene structures designed for silencing functional genes have been widely used both in academic and applied research. The correct orientations of such structures are usually validated with restriction analysis and/or sequencing. We speculated that the inverted repeat nature of such constructs can be shown by a simple PCR reaction with a single forward primer. To test this hypothesis five different constructs were established from grapevine sequences in a hairpin-intron style silencing system. We were able to amplify the appropriate products in each case. Thus a forward-primed PCR alone may be sufficient to prove the inverted repeat nature of the desired constructs

Effects of different bud density on the mycorrhizal colonisation of grapevine in the Kunság wine region

Mycorrhizal symbiosis has an important role for the grape: it helps the water - and nutrient uptake, as well as the avoidance of biotic and abiotic stresses. During our investigation carried out on stocks grown in Szigetcsép (Kunság wine region), we studied the effects of different bud load on the degree of mycorrhizal colonisation. The vineyard (Gál Vineyard and Winery in Szigetcsép) is on sandy soil with low nutrient content, thus the mycorrhizal colonisation have a great importance in this area. For the estimation of endomycorrhizal colonisation, fine roots of the grape cultivar ’Kékfrankos’ were stained with anilin-blue, and investigated under light microscope. Our results show significant difference of the mycorrhizal colonisation in our experiments, however, further studies are needed in other wine regions for general conclusions to be drawn

Hedera crebrescens (Araliaceae) a newly identified diploid taxon and triploid ivies from Hungary

Hedera crebrescens, a newly identified species in Hungary is described here. This diploid ivy is not identical with the diploid H. helix. It grows vigorously, is invasive, and has spread into most parts of the country and adjacent regions. We also present two triploid species of hybrid origin, which were known formerly as selected varieties of H. helix. Triploids differ from the presumed diploid and tetraploid parents based on their reproductive morphological traits and also based on their ecological demands

Landmark-based morphometry reveals phyllometric diversity along the shoot axis of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Leaf morphology of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. ‘Kövidinka’ was evaluated based on 32 landmarks. The aim of this study was to reveal leaf morphological diversity along the shoot axis. For this purpose 10 shoots were collected with 26 to 35 leaves. Altogether 304 leaf samples were digitised and analysed with the GRA.LE.D 2.04. raster graphic software. Leaf damage was estimated based on the missing landmarks on the lamina. Our results showed that the leaves on the 11th and 13th nodes are the most intact, without missing landmarks. Lowest variability (cv = 0,126) of the investigated 54 morphological characteristics were observed among the leaves on the 11th nodes of the shoots, in accordance with the literature. Based on the results length of the veins, angles between the veins and further features such as size of the serrations show high diversity along the shoot axis. These results underline the need of careful sampling during the ampelometric investigations

Effects of different bud density on the mycorrhizal colonisation of grapevine in the Kunság wine region

Mycorrhizal symbiosis has an important role for the grape: it helps the water - and nutrient uptake, as well as the avoidance of biotic and abiotic stresses. During our investigation carried out on stocks grown in Szigetcsép (Kunság wine region), we studied the effects of different bud load on the degree of mycorrhizal colonisation. The vineyard (Gál Vineyard and Winery in Szigetcsép) is on sandy soil with low nutrient content, thus the mycorrhizal colonisation have a great importance in this area. For the estimation of endomycorrhizal colonisation, fine roots of the grape cultivar ’Kékfrankos’ were stained with anilin-blue, and investigated under light microscope. Our results show significant difference of the mycorrhizal colonisation in our experiments, however, further studies are needed in other wine regions for general conclusions to be drawn